For whether one blew gently or so stoutly as
to make a very great wind, and whether what were thrown or pushed were
wind or something else, it is necessary in the first place to be
supported upon one of one's own members which is at rest and so to
push, and in the second place for this member, either itself, or
that of which it is a part, to remain at rest, fixing itself against
something external to itself. Now the man who is himself in the
boat, if he pushes, fixing himself against the boat, very naturally
does not move the boat, because what he pushes against should properly
remain at rest. Now what he is trying to move, and what he is fixing
himself against is in his case the same. If, however, he pushes or
pulls from outside he does move it, for the ground is no part of the
boat.
3
Here we may ask the difficult question whether if something moves
the whole heavens this mover must be immovable, and moreover be no
part of the heavens, nor in the heavens. For either it is moved itself
and moves the heavens, in which case it must touch something immovable
in order to create movement, and then this is no part of that which
creates movement; or if the mover is from the first immovable it
will equally be no part of that which is moved.
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